simple stepper motor controller

The circuit shown above can be used to control a unipolar stepper motor which has FOUR coils (I've swiped it off an old fax machine). The above circuit can be for a motor current of up to about 500mA per winding with suitable heat sinks for the SL100. For higher currents power transistors like 2N3055 can be used as darlington pair along with SL100. The diodes are used to protect the transistor from transients.

Activating sequence:-

Inputs		Coils Energised
D0	D1
0	0	A,B
0	1	B,C
1	0	C,D
1	1	D,A

To reverse the motor just reverse the above sequence viz. 11,10,01,00.

Alternately a 2bit UP/DOWN counter can also be used to control the direction , and a 555 multi-vibrator can be used to control the speed

Car anti theft wireless alarm

This FM radio-controlled anti- theft alarm can be used with any vehicle having 6- to 12-volt DC supply system. The mini VHF, FM transmitter is fitted in the vehicle at night when it is parked in the car porch or car park. The receiver unit with CXA1019, a single IC-based FM radio module, which is freely available in the market at reasonable rate, is kept inside. Receiver is tuned to the transmitter's frequency. When the transmitter is on and the signals are being received by FM radio receiver, no hissing noise is available at the output of receiver. Thus transistor T2 (BC548) does not conduct. This results in the relay driver transistor T3 getting its forward base bias via 10k resistor R5 and the relay gets energised. When an intruder tries to drive the car and takes it a few metres away from the car porch, the radio link between the car (transmitter) and alarm (receiver) is broken. As a result FM radio module gene-rates hissing noise. Hissing AC signals are coupled to relay switching circ- uit via audio transformer. These AC signals are rectified and filtered by diode D1 and capacitor C8, and the resulting positive DC voltage provides a forward bias to transistor T2. Thus transistor T2 conducts, and it pulls the base of relay driver transistor T3 to ground level. The relay thus gets de-activated and the alarm connected via N/C contacts of relay is switched on. If, by chance, the intruder finds out about the wireless alarm and disconnects the transmitter from battery, still remote alarm remains activated because in the absence of signal, the receiver continues to produce hissing noise at its output. So the burglar alarm is fool-proof and highly reliable.

Control electrical appliances using PC

Here is a circuit for using the printer port of a PC, for control application using software and some interface hardware. The interface circuit along with the given software can be used with the printer port of any PC for controlling up to eight equipment .
The interface circuit shown in the figure is drawn for only one device, being controlled by D0 bit at pin 2 of the 25-pin parallel port. Identical circuits for the remaining data bits D1 through D7 (available at pins 3 through 9) have to be similarly wired. The use of opto-coupler ensures complete isolation of the PC from the relay driver circuitry.
Lots of ways to control the hardware can be implemented using software. In C/C++ one can use the outportb(portno,value) function where portno is the parallel port address (usually 378hex for LPT1) and 'value' is the data that is to be sent to the port. For a value=0 all the outputs (D0-D7) are off. For value=1 D0 is ON, value=2 D1 is ON, value=4, D2 is ON and so on. eg. If value=29(decimal) = 00011101(binary) ->D0,D2,D3,D4 are ON and the rest are OFF.

7 segment rolling display using PC

It is very interesting and convenient to be able to control everything while sitting at your PC terminal. Here, a simple hardware circuit and software is used to interface a 7-segment based rolling display. The printer port of a PC provides a set of points with some acting as input lines and some others as output lines. Some lines are open collector type which can be used as input lines. The circuit given here can be used for interfacing with any type of PC�s printer port. The 25-pin parallel port connector at the back of a PC is a combination of three ports. The address varies from 378H-37AH. The 7 lines of port 378H (pins 2 through 8) are used in this circuit to output the code for segment display through IC1. The remaining one line of port 378H (pin 9) and four lines of port 37AH (pins 1, 14, 16, 17) are used to enable the display digits (one a time) through IC2. The bits D0, D1 and D3 of port 37AH connected to pins 1, 14 and 17 of �D� connector are inverted by the computer before application to the pins while data bit D2 is not inverted. Therefore to get a logic high at any of former three pins, we must send logic 0 output to the corresponding pin of port 37AH. Another important concept illustrated by the project is the time division multiplexing. Note that all the five 7-segment displays share a common data bus. The PC places the 7-segment code for the first digit/character on the data bus and enables only the first 7-segment display. After delay of a few milliseconds, the 7-segment code for the digit/character is replaced by that of the next charter/digit, but this time only second display digit is enabled. After the display of all characters/digits in this way, the cycle repeats itself over and over again. Because of this repetition at a fairly high rate, there is an illusion that all the digits/characters are continuously being displayed. DISP1 is to be physically placed as the least significant digit. IC1 (74LS244) is an octal buffer which is primarily used to increase the driving capability. It has two groups of four buffers with non-inverted tri-state outputs. The buffer is controlled by two active low enable lines. IC2 (75492) can drive a maximum of six 7-segment displays. (For driving up to seven common-cathode displays one may use ULN2003 described elsewhere in this section.) The program for rolling display is given in the listing DISP.C above. Whatever the message/characters to be displayed (here five characters have been displayed), these are separated and stored in an array. Then these are decoded. Decoding software is very simple. Just replace the desired character with the binary equivalent of the display code. The display code is a byte that has the appropriate bits turned on. For example, to display character �L�, the segments to be turned on are f, e and d. This is equivalent to 111000 binary or 38 hex. Please note that only limited characters can be formed using 7-segment display. Characters such as M, N and K cannot be formed properly

300 Watt OCL Audio Amplifier Circuit

This is a 300W power amplifier OCL circuit that the circuit has been stout kit on the market. If you are fanatical about the use of transistors 2N3055 and MJ2955 jengkol then this circuit is the answer. This power amplifier OCL circuit delivering a blasting 300 watts to a 4 Ohm speaker.

300 Watt OCL Audio Amplifier Circuit

The amplifier circuit is very Cheapest and cans be powered from 24 to 32 V/5A dual power supply. You must try this circuit. Its working great. Because 4 transistors (2 x 2n3055 and mj 2955) on the final amplifier will of some very hot then add the aluminum finned cooler and the fan so That the transistor is not too high temperatures

300W Power Amplifier For Subwoofer

The 300W Amplifier circuit is shown it is a reasonably conventional design. Connections are provided for the Internal SIM, and filtering is provided for RF protection (R1, C2). The input is via a 4.7uF bipolar cap, as this provides lots of capacitance in a small size. Because of the impedance, little or no degradation of sound will be apparent. A polyester cap may be used if you prefer - 1uF with the nominal 22k input impedance will give a -3dB frequency of 7.2Hz, which is quite low enough for any sub.

Rangkaian 300W Power Amplifier For Subwoofer

Continuous power into 8 ohms is typically over 150W (250W for ±70V supplies), and it can be used without additional transistors at full power into an 8 ohm load all day, every day. The additional transistors are only needed if you want to do the same thing into 4 ohms at maximum supply voltage

Although I have shown MJL4281A and MJL4302A output transistors, because they are new most constructors will find that these are not as easy to get as they should be. The alternatives are MJL3281/ MJL1302 or MJL21193/ MJL21194.

Because this amplifier circuit operates in "pure" Class-B (something of a contradiction of terms, I think), the high frequency distortion will be relatively high, and is probably unsuited to high power hi-fi. At the low frequency end of the spectrum, there is lots of negative feedback, and distortion is actually rather good, at about 0.04% up to 1kHz. My initial tests and reports from others indicate that there are no audible artefacts at high frequencies, but the recommendation remains.

Circuit from: www.sound.westhost.com

STK4241V - 120 Watt Stereo Amplifier Circuit

Here is a 120 watt stereo amplifier circuit using STK4241V. The MAX9710 a stereo audio power amplifier IC capable of delivering 2 x 120 Watts of out put to 8 Ohm loads. MAX9710 can be operated from a single ±32V to ±54V power supply.

120 Watt Stereo Amplifier Circuit Using IC STK4241V

STK4241V IC

This amplifier circuit is suitable for home power audio devices. The STK4241V amplifier specifications might lead you to believe that it can use supply voltages of up to ±78V. With zero input signal (and therefore no output) it might, but I don't recommend anything greater than ±45V if 8 ohm loads are expected, although ±54V will be fine if you can provide good heatsinking.

Avast 6 Home Edition with License Key Free

Avast 6 have released and you can read about Avast 6 on my other post here “download Avast! free Antivirus 6”. The Avast 6 home edition is free antivirus but this Avast version still require license key to activate the software, if not entering the license you can use the software for 30 days period only but without limitation.

In the Avast 6 there are new interesting features such as Avast sandbox that useful to control the software that will run on your computer, WebRep to vote and rate any website from your browser and Site blocking to block any website that should not be opened by you or your family.

In my previous comment on other articles about Avast license key, I mentioned that we can not register using an email that was used to apply for Avast license key. But I was wrong because I register using an email that I have ever used on the previous registration and Avast still send a new license key to my email, sorry avast.


Here How to Get Genuine Avast 6 Home Edition License Key

  * Open Avast registration form on Avast website here:  http://www.avast.com/registration-free-antivirus.php
   * Fill all fields that marked with “*” then click “Register for free license” to submit the form

 

    * You’ll receive the free license key by email within 24 hours after registration. If you do not receive your license check SPAM folder maybe the email found in your spam folder in your email.

The Avast license key on this registration will active for one year. On the next year you can register again to get free license key for Avast 6. You can download Avast 6 home edition here: download Avast! free Antivirus 6

Resetter Epson L100 and How Uses

finally can post again in this March 2011. I very grateful for this blog visitors is increasing every day, hopefully Kang Eko tetep writing can provide benefits to visitors of all. Here is I will try to post about Resetter Epson L100 and How Uses. Obviously a lot of visitors who are looking for this resetter epson L100.

Resetter Epson L100 and How Uses:
Resetter epson L100 can be downloaded at the following link Ziddu:
http://www.ziddu.com/download/14080411/resetterL100.7z.html
Password: ekohasan

Using 7zip compression format, if you do not have the software can be downloaded at:
http://www.ziddu.com/download/14083147/7z920.exe.html
or at
http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sevenzip/7z920.exe



Resetter Epson L100 and How Uses:
1. Turn Espon L100 and L100 make sure Espon already connect to the computer and installed the driver.
2. Then run Resetter Epson L100, with double-click the file "AdjProg cracked.exe"
3. Click "accept">> "Particular Adjustment Mode">> Select "Waste ink pad counter reset">> click "Check">> check the "main pad counter, FL Boxes counter, tube Ink Counter", then click the "initialization"> > "Finish".

4. The next step off Epson L100, then remove the cable powernya.
5. The final step reinstall the printer power cable and turn on, wait a while until Epson Epson L100 and L100 will be back to normal.

OK, so did I use Epson resetter L100, To Link download resetter Epson L100 only via Ziddu.

Good luck.

Tips on buying LCD projector

Here are tips on buying LCD projector. my accidentally posted this to our knowledge all especially for those who want to have LCD projectors.

Buying an LCD Projector is an investment in our financial drain enough .. Then you need to think carefully how to use it and adjust with distinguished features you need with the best price.

As an example of an LCD Projector Brightness is a key factor in choosing / buying, but if you do not have plans to use it frequently in a presentation at a big room then you do not need an LCD projector which has a high perfomance for this.

Here are some key factors in choosing an LCD Projector:

LCD Projector Resolution

SVGA (800 x 600), XGA (1024 x 768), SXGA (1280 x 1024), or UXGA (1600 x 1200)?

The higher the resolution of the projector, the higher the price. If you plan on using a projector for a presentation with powerpoint, then SVGA resolution suitable for this. While XGA is a good choice for displaying numerical data. You just need a higher resolution if you want to view more details reply.

LCD Projector Brightness

The higher the ANSI Lumens LCD Projector increasingly brighter light output. Lumens Projector with below 1000 lumens will teerasa less lighting. A projector with 1000-2000 lumens will be adequate lighting for a business presentation or in a classroom situation. Meanwhile projectors with 2000-3000 Lumens elbow producing light to illuminate an image without a flaw in a big elbow room / area or the situation of a class.

Without sufficient brightness which the resultant images will look muddy and soft despite gelap.Ukuran pd elbow room space, screen size and the distance between the projector with screen will give effect to the your needs to determine more or less lumens.

LCD Projector Contrast

Projector Contrast shows a comparison between the brightest light in an area of ​​image / object most dark. Consider an LCD Projecxtor high-contrast ratio 400:1 or higher then the graphics and video display is clearly visible. If you use more to display the images in bright light which you will need a projector with a higher contrast ratio or the highest.

Contrast ratio is the complement / complement of brightnes. High Contrast ratio would send a white color that most white and black color of most hitam.Namun if Contrast ratio is low, And the resultant image will appear flawed or not perfect, at least 1,500: 1 contrast ratio which is quite good but the 2000: 1 or more high will be better and perfect.

LCD Projector Weight

The weight of a projector is a matter of portability. If you plan to carry or carrying a projector more often, doing presentations at various places, then the choices are brighter, the better. Currently, many LCD projectors are available with a weight of less than 2.5 kg, with a very bright light if you are a Mobile Presenter. Generally The Light of the ability of a projector, the more expensive price.

Portability is also important, not only allows for mobile just yet easy installation and setup. Also easier to try different screen size, distance and different rooms. You can also hang it on the roof of the room .. langit2

LCD Projector Connectivity

When you buy an LCD projector, of course, you will choose who can connect with a PC / Notebook you. But whether you will always use the same computer again and again? Obviously you will need a connector cable or adapter distinguished separately in a special condition. Check carefully pd an LCD projector does have multiple ports, in this case when you want to connect multiple computer or multiple source video to a projector in the same time.

Make sure to have some input which projector you need, such as Composite and S Video to Source Analog, Component input for DVD, and DVI or HDMI input for HD sources. Most projectors have a VGA input for PC or Notebook.

LCD Projector Lamp Life

Other Factors which you should consider when buying a LCD projector is the Lamp Life (ages Lights), because replacing a projector lamp is a cost which is quite expensive. A projector with 2000 Hour Lamp Life is a very good light age once. There are several high-Projector Mode options, such as Mode "Ecco Mode" which is available Projector Lamp extended life and can save on operating costs

Pixel Density and Scaling

The density of a pixel is very important, especially for units of LCD / DLP projector.Jika most of you use an HDTV then use Native Pixel high as possible. Figures from the Native Pixel reply meant is 1024x 768 is suitable to play DVDs, but 720p HDTV Signal requires 1280x720 pixels to give you a picture of 1:1 (1: 1 signal representation), while a 1090i HDTV input signal memrlukan native 1920x1080 pixel for 1 ; a signal representation of the 1080i signal.

Color Reproduction

Color reproduction is another factor, Checks to Natural flesh tones and color depth (color depth). Check how a color looks in the light of the brightest and darkest light pd gambar.cek also an area of ​​color stability from input to output. Everyone has a different perception pd color rating, so consider carefully.

power supplay +12 dan - 12 Dual Regulator

This is of a dual regulated that provides +12V and -12V from the AC mains. A regulator like this is a very essential tool on the work bench of an electronic hobbyist.

Transformer T1 steps down the AC mains voltage and diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4 does the job of rectification. Capacitors C1 and C2 does of filtering.C3, C4, C7and C8 are decoupling capacitors. IC 7812 and 7912 are used for the purpose of voltage regulation in which the former is a positive 12V regulator and later is a negative 12V regulator. The output of 7812 will be +12V and that of 7912 will be -12V.

Skema Rangkaian Dual Regulator power supplay

Use Transformer 15-0-15 V, 1A secondary step-down transformer.
Capacitor C1,C2,C5 and C6 must be rated 50V or more.



IC regulator 78xx (7812) Description

The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation.

Features IC LM7812

Output current in excess of 1A
Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18 , 24V
Internal thermal overload protection
No external components required
Output transistor safe area protection
Internal short circuit current limit

Absolute Maximum Ratings IC LM7812

Input Voltage (VO = 5V, 12V and 15V) : 35V
Operating Temperature Range (TA) : 0°C to +70°C
Maximum Junction Temperature : 150°C
Storage Temperature Range −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.)




IC regulator 79xx (7912) Description

The LM79XX series of three-terminal negative regulators are available with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible.


Features IC LM7912

• Output Current in Excess of 1A
• Output Voltages of -5, -6, -8, -9, -10, -12, -15, -18 , -24V
• Internal Thermal Overload Protection
No external components required
• Short Circuit Protection
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Compensation


Absolute Maximum Ratings IC LM7912

Input Voltage (VO = -5V, to 15V) : 35V
Operating Temperature Range (TA) : 0°C to +70°C
Maximum Junction Temperature : 150°C
Storage Temperature Range −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.).

IC-LM723 10 volt Regulator menggunakan circuit and explanation

This is a circuit of an IC LM723 voltage regulator. This IC has a voltage reference source, an error amplifier, a series pass transistor, and a current limiting tran sistor all contained in one small package. The device can be connected to operate as a positive or negative voltage regulator with an output voltage ranging from 2 V to 37 V, and output current levels upto 150 m A. The maximum supply voltage is 40 V, and the line and load regulations are each specified as 0.01%.

Skema rangkaian regulator menggunakan iC LM723

IC regulator LM 723 connected to operate as a positive voltage regulator. The output voltage can be set to any value between approximately 7 V (reference voltage) and 37 V by appropriate selection of resistors R1 and R2. A potentiometer may be included between R1 and R2, of course, to make the voltage adjustable. An external transistor may be Darlington connected to Q1 (as shown in earlier post) to handle large load current. The broken lines in the figure shows connections for simple (non-foldback) current limiting. (Foldback current limiting can also be used with IC LM723). A regulator output voltage less than the 7 V reference level can be obtained by using a voltage divider across the reference source [terminals 6 and 7 in earlier figure]. The potentially divided reference voltage is then connected to terminal 5.

It is important to note that the supply voltage, at the lowest point on the ripple waveform, should be at least 3 V greater than the output of the regulator and greater than VREF; otherwise a high-amplitude output ripple may occur.

Paramaters IC Regulator lm723

Output Current 150 mA
Output Voltage Undefined Volt
Input Min Voltage 9.5 Volt
Input Max Voltage 40 Volt
Adjustable Output Yes
On/Off Pin No
Error Flag No
Temperature Min -55 deg C
Temperature Max 150 deg C.

UHF Wireless Video Audio Sender circuit and explanation

Audio Video Circuit Board

This wireless circuit provides you with

wireless audio and visual transmission to a TV. The TV acts as a receiver, eliminating the need to buy a separate monitor. You can also hook it up to a VCR or CCD Camera, and even set up a remote CCTV security system

AV Sender Circuit Schematic

Audio Video Sender Circuit De

scription

Q3, VC1, C13, C16 and L3 all make up a colpitts oscillator circuit that fluctuates form 220~250 MHz. You can regulate the frequency to any value within this threshold by tuning VC1 or L3. C13 modulates the signal rate. When the capacitance increases, so does the modulation. R9 and C16 bias the local oscillation. If you lower R9′s frequency to 680W the oscillator’s output level will increase.

AV Sender Block Diagram

Q2 and L2 act as a frequency doubler. C7, along with FCZ7S3R5 (IF transformer), the Q4 transistor, C14, C19 and R12 all make up the mixer. This mixer takes both audio and visual signals together and “mix” them into one and passes through RF Amplifier Q1 to transmit the signal to the antenna.

How This Wireless Audio Video Sender Works

1. Turning the blue component’s trimmer on VC1 varies the frequency. When we turn the trimmer, the television’s channel has to be changed accordingly. It is easier to tune the A/V Sender if you have a spectrum analyzer to help you find the correct frequencies. If the frequency is tuned to 474 MHz then this would be the equivalent of your TV’s channel 14 UHF band.
2. The IF transformer is used to synchronize the audio and video frequency‘s level radio. If the TV’s image is too blurry then you can adjust the IFT to fine-tune the image.
3. SVR1 controls the video signal input ratio, while SVR2 controls the audio portion. You can tune these components according to your needs.

Browse Audio Video Sender on Amazon

Source: Audio Video Sender

Running Dog Robot project building overview and explanation

The objective of the project is to explore the design principles of biologically inspired legged running robots by building a running dog.

Explanation

Inspired by biomechanics studies, the project is focused on a minimalistic model of rapid locomotion of quadruped robots. This obtains further understanding of locomotion mechanisms in biological systems and achieves technology for a form of rapid legged locomotion.

The design concept adheres to an integrated macroscopic design of the whole body of a dog since biological systems have an exquisitely well-balanced organism in macroscopic as well as microscopic dimensions. With respect to the number of passive joints, dimensions of limbs, weight, and properties and locations of muscles, the musculoskeletal design of a canine was mimicked based on an anatomical study of the dog. A body structure is incarnated by a compromise between nature and technology.

Aluminum is used to construct the skeleton of the robot. There are 28 passive joints in the skeleton and each of which is one passive rotational degree of freedom. Electric motors connected with a wire and a spring in series are incorporated by a muscle-like actuation method to control the design of passive joints.

Credit card Transaction System with Secured RSA project and explanation

Overview

The project aims to take credit card input from the terminal and sends it to the server controller and outputs to the server PC monitor by designing a credit card transaction system with RSA encryption.

Explanation

The project utilizes two microcontrollers with one on the storefront terminal. This is responsible for taking the account number and the transaction amount from the store clerk through the keypad as they are displayed on the LCD when typed. Using UART software, a key pair will be requested from the server. After waiting for the server to respond, it will loop though the account and the cash amount data as well as encrypting and sending it to the server one bit at a time. The data is decrypted after being received by the server before storing into its memory. The contents are dumped to the PC hyperterminal when the memory overflows.

The bank operator is allowed by the server to perform simple functions as well as change keys for better security by going down one entry in its list of stored keys and a different pair is used. The transaction system works successfully.

DCF77 Preamplifier circuit and explanation

A popular project among microcontroller aficionados is to build a radio-controlled clock. Tiny receiver boards are available, with a pre-adjusted ferrite antenna, that receive and demodulate the DCF77 time signal broadcast from Mainf lingen in Germany. DCF77 has a range of about 1,000 miles. All the microcontroller need do is decode the signal and output the results on a display. The reception quality achieved by these ready-made boards tends to be proportional to their price.

In areas of marginal reception a higher quality receiver is needed, and a small selective preamplifier stage will usually improve the situation further. The original ferrite antenna is desoldered from the receiver module and connected to the input of the preamplifier. This input consists of a source follower (T1) which has very little damping effect on the resonant circuit. A bipolar transistor (T2) provides a gain of around 5 dB. The output signal is coupled to the antenna input of the DCF77 module via a transformer.

Circuit diagram:

DCF77 Preamplifier Circuit Diagram

The secondary of the transformer, in conjunction with capacitors C4 and C5, forms a resonant circuit which must be adjusted so that it is centered on the carrier frequency. An oscilloscope is needed for this adjustment, and a signal generator, set to generate a 77.5 kHz sine wave, is also very useful. This signal is fed, at an amplitude of a few milli-volts, into the antenna input. With the oscilloscope connected across C4 and C5 to monitor the signal on the output resonant circuit, trimmer C5 is adjusted until maximum amplitude is observed.

It is essential that the transformer used is suitable for constructing a resonant circuit at the carrier frequency. Our proto-type used a FT50-77 core from Amidon on which we made two 57-turn windings. It is also possible to trim the resonant frequency of the circuit by using a transformer whose core can be adjusted in and out. In this case, of course, the trimmer capacitor can be dispensed with.

Rainer Reusch
Elektor Electronics 2008

Building the Automatic Etch-A-Sketch Controller

Overview

The classic toy Etch-A-Sketch has been written with a controller to see it move by itself.

Explanation

The pictures can be drawn automatically by showing up different angled lines caused by an order by the chip to the motors. The chip will have to connect to a computer using the UART in order to obtain several pictures. The knobs are connected to 2 stepper motors being controlled by an Atmel microcontroller.

The computer, microcontroller, stepper control, and Etch-A-Sketch are the 4 main sections in the setup. They have a small communication script in between each section as all 4 sections are relatively decoupled from each other. This design is in reference with the 7 layers of a standard computer network which are separated from each other.

The microcontroller program contains 3 functions where each is selected by one of the 3 buttons. The first button is a testing procedure that loads specified values in memory. The second button loads these values from the UART input. The third button handles sending the necessary voltages to the next step. The knobs on the Etch-A-Sketch are driven by using a couple of stepper motors.

Line-Following Autonomous Vehicle

Overview

The car is made to follow a non-predetermined path by following a line against a luminance contrasting surface that is detected by an array of sensors.

Explanation

An Atmel AVR8515 microcontroller is used by the car in order to have a complete control of the car by controlling the drive and steering servos. The microcontroller steers the car accordingly as it senses the position of the line in reference to the car. The wheel rotation is detected by a 6th light sensor which maintains constant speed. The data from the wheel is obtained by a digital feedback algorithm as the desired speed is maintained by adjusting the PWM signal to the motor.

The light reflectance is detected by the sensors and the floor is illuminated by each of 5-arrayed infrared LED. An output of 0V or 5V is the result of converting the output of the detectors. A higher reflectance surface indicates white line due to low output while a black line below a sensor is indicated by a high output.

A LED-sensor pair is mounted facing the wheel which detects the speed of the car. It also detects the position of wheel.

How Turn Camcorder Into Night Vision Viewer overview and explanation

Overview

The project can use any camcorder in order to convert to a stealthy night vision system that is capable of processing visible light spectrum.

Explanation

The portable stealthy night vision camcorder is made using a cheap black and white spy cam together with the cheap camcorder and a LED illuminator. It can record night vision scenes that have been lit by some type of infrared illuminator by feeding the output from a small black and white spy camera into a secondary video input. The proper input cable is needed for identifying both the external video input since most video camcorders allow an external video source to be plugged in. the CCD imaging system in the camera makes it possible to be used as a night vision viewer by seeing light that is not visible to human eyes.

The infrared illumination ring light is composed of 10 LEDs that are wired in series and powered by a battery pack that provides the proper voltage for optimal brightness of each LED. The LEDs are the exact same type used in remote controls for sending burst of infrared radiation to the TV receiver.

Circuit Project Microcontroller Based Hangman Game explanation

Overview

A hangman game has been created with the use of Atmel AT90S8535 microcontroller along with some programming.

Explanation

Almost 150 different puzzles are selected randomly on this hangman game where a 16-character LCD displays the letters. A 16-button keypad is used for the input and for each wrong guess, one of the 8 LEDs on the Atmel development board lights up since they signify the “hanging man”. Thousands of puzzles were held since there is enough room in Program Memory.

Any combination of 1-15 characters including spaces can be contained in a puzzle and sounds are added top the game by attaching a speaker. A losing song is played to show that the player has lost. This is when all the LEDs have been lit. A winning song is played if there are no more letters left to be guessed. The notes of song correspond to the TIMER2 preload values.

The game was designed to be portable by adapting a standalone interface. The game became fun and interesting because of the random puzzle selection and large puzzle database. The full functionality also includes interactive interface, multiple word puzzles, and variable length puzzles.

Monochron (Mono-Chromatic Clock) explanation

Thisis a specially designed clock which can be programmed after the assembly and is intended to tbe used with a KS0108 monochrome LCD display.

Explanation

A 128x64 monochrome KS0108 display is controlled by the clock which is based on an ATmega328 processor. The power consumption of the whole clock is about 5V at 50mA with a total power usage under half Watt as it uses a high-efficiency white LED backlight display. The time is kept even when power is lost for years because of the battery backed-up real time clock DS1307.

The configuration tactile buttons and the alarm switch are the 2 sets of switches. Connected directly to the switch paddle through a current limiting resistor is the indicator LED. The KS0108 LCD display has a parallel 8-bit interface and runs at 5V. The microcontroller uses the internal 8MHz oscillator so there is no need for a crystal.

The switch on the right side of the clock can be clipped to turn ON the alarm. This is represented by the state of the LED. The display contrast can also be adjusted through a slot on the side of the clock.

300 Watt MOSFET Broadband Amplifier Using MRF141G

The following segment will provide the enhanced Motorola schematic for any typical application for the MRF141G (which includes parasitic stabilization features), a broadband power RF MOSFET which will place out a conservatively-rated 300 watts across the FM broadcast band. The flange about the MRF141G ought to be mounted to a heat spreader, a copper plate 5/16" thick and 6" x 8", which is then

One KHz Synchronous Detector Circuit

One KHz Synchronous Detector CircuitThis circuit employs a synchronous demodulator to separate a 1 KHz signal from noise and measures the amplitude with the 1 kHz signals when a 2nd at about 60 microvolts per count then sends the measurements via an RS-232 interface for further processing or exhibit. An LED about the board also lights when the measured signal exceeds a preset threshold.This

Automated Digital Camera Shutter

Automated Digital Camera ShutterIn 1984 I made a camera trigger to capture transient phenomena. I had a Mamiya ZE 35mm camera and Mamiyalite ZE flash unit. Common for bodies of its time, the only indicates of remotely triggering the camera was the cable release socket built into its shutter release button. This was meant to get employed having a purely mechanical cable; it allow you to operate

How to Create Processor

Sand, a quarter portion is formed from silicon, which is the mostabundant chemical element on earth after oxygen. Sand (mainlyquartz), has a high percentage of silicon in the form of SiliconDioxide (SiO2) and the sand is the main material for producingsemiconductor.

After obtaining mentahan of sand and separates the silicone, theexcess material removed. Then, purified silicon gradually until it reaches the quality of 'semiconductor manufacturing quality', or so-called 'electronic grade silicon'. Purification resulted in somethingso terrible that 'electronic grade silicon' may only have one 'alienatoms' in each one billion atoms of silicon. After the purification stepis complete silicon, silicon smelting phase. From the picture above,we can see how the large-sized crystals of silicon appear merged.The result is a single crystal, called 'Ingot'.

Single crystal 'Ingot' is formed from the 'electronic grade silicon'. Bigone 'Ingot' approximately 100 Kilograms or 220 pounds, and has a high purity silicon up to 99.9999 percent.

After that, 'Ingot' entering the incision. 'Ingot' in thin slices to produce'silicon discs', which is called the 'wafers'. 
Some 'Ingot' can stand up to 5 feet. 'Ingot' also has a different diameter depending on how big the size of the 'wafers' are required.
 CPU time is now usually require'wafers' with a size of 300 mm.

Once sliced, 'wafers' polished until completely smooth, perfect,mirror-like surface into a very, very smooth. In fact, Intel did notproduce its own 'Ingots' and 'wafers', but Intel to buy from companies'third-party'. Processor Intel with 45nm technology, using 'wafers'with size 300mm (12 inch), whereas the first time Intel makes chips, Intel is using 'wafers' to the size of 50mm (2 inch).

Blue liquid as seen in the picture above, is 'Photo Resist' as used in the 'Film' in photography. 'wafers' are played in this stage so thatlayers can be uniformly smooth and thin.

In this phase, 'Photo Resist' lit 'Ultra Violet'. Chemical reactions thatoccur in this process is similar to 'film' camera happens when wepress the shutter (Jepret!).

The strongest area or stand in the 'wafer' to be flexible and fragiledue to the effects of the rays 'Ultra Violet'. Lighting to be managedby using protective function like a stencil. When exposed to light'Ultra Violet', a protective layer made of circuit patterns. In themanufacture of processors, is very important and key to repeat thisprocess repeated until the layers above the bottom layer, and so on.

The lens in the middle serves to shrink the light into a small focus.

From the picture above, we can picture what if one fruit 'Transistor'we see with the naked eye. Transistor functioning as a switch,controlling the flow of electric current in the 'Chip' computers. Intel researchers have developed a transistor becomes so small thatabout 30 million 'Transistor' can be lodged at the end of the 'Pin'.

Once exposed to light 'Ultra Violet', the 'Photo Resist' absolutelydevastated. 
The picture above reveal patterns 'Photo Resist'created by the protective layer. 
This pattern is the beginning of'transistors', 'interconnects', and matters relating to electricity beginsfrom here.

Although the fields were destroyed, a layer of 'Photo Resist' stillprotect material 'Wafer' so it will not tersketsa. The part that is notprotected will be sketched with chemicals.

After tersketsa, layer 'Photo Resist' is removed and the desired shape to be visible.

'Photo Resist' re-used and illuminated with light 'Ultra Violet'. 'PhotoResist' which tersinari then washed first before stepping into the next stage, the washing process is called 'Ion Doping', the process by which ion particle ditabrakan to 'Wafers', so that the chemicalproperties of silicon was changed, so the CPU can control theelectrical current.

Through a process called 'ion implantation' (part of the process ofion doped) silicon area on the 'wafers' were shot by the ions. Ionsimplanted in silicon in order to change between silicon withelectrical power. Ion driven to the surface 'Wafer' with high speed.Electric fields accelerate ions with a speed of more than 300,000km / h (about 185.000 mph)

After ion implanted, 'Photo Resist' is removed, and green coloredmaterial that is now embedded in the picture 'Alien Atoms'

This transistor is almost complete. Three holes have been tersketsain insulating layer (reddish purple), which is above the transistor.Three holes will be filled with copper, which serves to connect thetransistors with other transistors.

This transistor is Almost complete. Three holes have been tersketsain the insulating layer (reddish purple),
 the which is above thetransistor. Three holes will of be filled with copper,
 the which servesto the connect the transistors with other transistors.

Copper ions has become a thin layer on the surface of the 'wafers'.

Mashed excess material, leaving a very thin layer of copper.

Well have started ribet. Much is made of metal layers tointerconnect the various transistors. How is this connected series ofrelationships, it is determined by the technical architecture anddesign team that developed the capabilities of each processor.Where computer chips look very flat, it actually has more than 20layers to create complex circuits. If you look with a magnifying glass,you will see a complex network of circuits and transistors that looksfuturistic, 'Multi-Layered Highway System'.

This is just a super small sample of the 'wafer' that will go throughthe first stage of testing capabilities. At this stage, a test pattern is sent to each chip, then the response of the chip will be monitoredand compared with 'The Right Answer. "

After test results showed that the 'wafer' pass, 'Wafer' is cut into asection called 'Dies'. Try the skipper can see, the process was really complicated, but the result was small talaga. In the leftmostimage that there are 6 groups 'Wafers', on his right image alreadyhow 'Wafer' tuh!?!?

'Dies' which passed the test, will be included into the next stage of'Packaging'. 'Dies' which does not pass, thrown by percumanyaT_T. There's a funny thing a few years ago, Intel made the key of'Dies' which did not pass it ^ ^. There EBAYnya you know, let'sskipper who are interested in purchasing, becauselive 4 ..

This is a picture of the 'Die', which had been cut in previousprocesses. 'Die' in this picture is 'Die' from the Intel Core i7Processor.

Undercoat, 'Die', and 'heatspreader' fitted together to form a'Processor'. Green layer below, is used to form electrical and'Mechanical Interface' for the processor in order to interact with a PC system. 'heatspreader' is 'Thermal Interface' in which the cooling solution is applied, so that the processor can remain cool inoperation.

'microprocessor' is the product terkompleks in this world. In fact, tomake it require hundreds of stages and which we described earlieris just that important.

During the last test for the Processor, Processor in testcharacteristics, such as the use of power and its maximumfrequency.

Based on previous test results, grouped by Processor Processorwhich has a similar capability. This process is called the 'Binning','Binning' determined from the maximum frequency processor, and then stack Processor divided and sold in accordance with thespecification stable.

Processor that has been packaged and tested, go to the factory (egfor using that Toshiba laptop) or retail sale (eg at a computer store)