Power Buzzer

How often on average do you have to call members of your family each day to tell them that dinner is ready, it’s time to leave, and the like? The person you want is usually in a different room, such as the hobby room or bedroom. A powerful buzzer in the room, combined with a pushbutton at the bottom of the stairs or in the kitchen, could be very handy in such situations. The heart of this circuit is formed by IC1, a TDA2030. This IC has built-in thermal protection, so it’s not likely to quickly give up the ghost. R1 and R2 apply a voltage equal to half the supply voltage to the plus input of the opamp. R3 provides positive feedback. Finally, the combination of C2, R4 and trimmer P12 determines the oscillation frequency of the circuit.Power Buzzer Circuit Diagram ...

Power Buzzer

How often on average do you have to call members of your family each day to tell them that dinner is ready, it’s time to leave, and the like? The person you want is usually in a different room, such as the hobby room or bedroom. A powerful buzzer in the room, combined with a pushbutton at the bottom of the stairs or in the kitchen, could be very handy in such situations. The heart of this circuit is formed by IC1, a TDA2030. This IC has built-in thermal protection, so it’s not likely to quickly give up the ghost. R1 and R2 apply a voltage equal to half the supply voltage to the plus input of the opamp. R3 provides positive feedback. Finally, the combination of C2, R4 and trimmer P12 determines the oscillation frequency of the circuit.Power Buzzer Circuit Diagram ...

How Make Simple Battery Isolator

This circuit is even simpler and employs a 6V feed from one of the stator connections on the vehicle’s alternator. This is connected to a 6V automotive relay (RLY1) which controls a Continuous Duty Solenoid (RLY2). This solenoid electrically connects or isolates the batteries. When the engine is started and the alternator stator voltage rises, the 6V relay turns on. This turns on the Continuous Duty Solenoid to connect the two batteries in parallel. As long as the engine is running, the vehicle’s alternator will maintain charge in both batteries.
When the engine is shut down, the alternator stator voltage drops and the Continuous Duty Solenoid switches off, thus isolating the second battery from the vehicle’s electrical system. Provided that camping accessories are only connected to the second battery, the main battery should never discharge. Because the concept is entirely dependent upon the alternator’s stator output voltage, you cannot forget to turn the system on or off as it happens automatically.

How Make Simple Battery Isolator

This circuit is even simpler and employs a 6V feed from one of the stator connections on the vehicle’s alternator. This is connected to a 6V automotive relay (RLY1) which controls a Continuous Duty Solenoid (RLY2). This solenoid electrically connects or isolates the batteries. When the engine is started and the alternator stator voltage rises, the 6V relay turns on. This turns on the Continuous Duty Solenoid to connect the two batteries in parallel. As long as the engine is running, the vehicle’s alternator will maintain charge in both batteries.
When the engine is shut down, the alternator stator voltage drops and the Continuous Duty Solenoid switches off, thus isolating the second battery from the vehicle’s electrical system. Provided that camping accessories are only connected to the second battery, the main battery should never discharge. Because the concept is entirely dependent upon the alternator’s stator output voltage, you cannot forget to turn the system on or off as it happens automatically.

Overclocking

What is Overclocking?
Overclocking is the process of making various components of your computer run at faster speeds than they do when you first buy them. For instance, if you buy a Pentium 4 3.2GHz processor, and you want it to run faster, you could overclock the processor to make it run at 3.6GHz.

¡Disclaimer!
WARNING: Overclocking can F up your stuff. Overclocking wares down the hardware and the life-expectancy of the entire computer will be lowered if you overclock. If you attempt to overclock, I, Rogue_Jedi, and Overclockers.com and its inhabitants are not responsible for anything broken or damaged when using this guide.
This guide is merely for those who accept the possible outcomes of this overclocking guide/FAQ, and overclocking in general.

Why would you want to overclock? Well, the most obvious reason is that you can get more out of a processor than what you payed for. You can buy a relatively cheap processor and overclock it to run at the speed of a much more expensive processor. If you're willing to put in the time and effort, overclocking can save you a bunch of money in the future or, if you need to be at the bleeding edge like me, can give you a faster processor than you could possibly buy from a store

The Dangers of Overclocking
First of all, let me say that if you are careful and know what you are doing, it will be very hard for you to do any permanent damage to your computer by overclocking. Your computer will either crash or just refuse to boot if you are pushing the system too far. It's very hard to fry your system by just pushing it to it's limits.

There are dangers, however. The first and most common danger is heat. When you make a component of your computer do more work than it used to, it's going to generate more heat. If you don't have sufficient cooling, your system can and will overheat. By itself, overheating cannot kill your computer, though. The only way that you will kill your computer by overheating is if you repeatedly try to run the system at temperatures higher than recommended. As I said, you should try to stay under 60 C.

Don't get overly worried about overheating issues, though. You will see signs before your system gets fried. Random crashes are the most common sign. Overheating is also easily prevented with the use of thermal sensors which can tell you how hot your system is running. If you see a temperature that you think is too high, either run the system at a lower speed or get some better cooling. I will go over cooling later in this guide.

The other "danger" of overclocking is that it can reduce the lifespan of your components. When you run more voltage through a component, it's lifespan decreases. A small boost won't have much of an affect, but if you plan on using a large overclock, you will want to be aware of the decrease in lifespan. This is not usually an issue, however, since anybody that is overclocking likely will not be using the same components for more than 4-5 years, and it is unlikely that any of your components will fail before 4-5 years regardless of how much voltage you run through it. Most processors are designed to last for up to 10 years, so losing a few of those years is usually worth the increase in performance in the mind of an overclocker.

The Basics
To understand how to overclock your system, you must first understand how your system works. The most common component to overclock is your processor.

When you buy a processor, or CPU, you will see it's operating speed. For instance, a Pentium 4 3.2GHz CPU runs at 3.2GHz, or 3200 MHz. This is a measurement of how many clock cycles the processor goes through in one second. A clock cycle is a period of time in which a processor can carry out a given amount of instructions. So, logically, the more clock cycles a processor can execute in one second, the faster it can process information and the faster your system will run. One MHz is one million clock cycles per second, so a 3.2GHz processor can go through 3,200,000,000, or 3 billion two hundred million clock cycles in every second. Pretty amazing, right?

The goal of overclocking is to raise the GHz rating of your processor so that it can go through more clock cycles every second. The formula for the speed of your processor if this:

FSB (in MHz) x Multiplier=Speed in MHz.

Now to explain what the FSB and Multiplier are:

The FSB (or, for AMD processors, the HTT*), or Front Side Bus, is the channel through which your entire system communicates with your CPU. So, obviously, the faster your FSB can run, the faster your entire system can run.

CPU manufacturers have found ways to increase the effective speed of the FSB of a CPU. They simply send more instructions in every clock cycle. So instead of sending one instruction every one clock cycle, CPU manufacturers have found ways to send two instructions per clock cycle (AMD CPUs) or even four instructions per clock cycle (Intel CPUs). So, when you look at a CPU and see it's FSB speed, you must realize that it is not really running at that speed. Intel CPUs are "quad pumped", meaning they send 4 instructions per clock cycle. This means that if you see an FSB of 800MHz, the underlying FSB speed is really only 200MHz, but it is sending 4 instructions per clock cycle so it achieves an effective speed of 800MHz. The same logic can be applied to AMD CPUs, but they are only "double pumped", meaning they only send 2 instructions per clock cycle. So an FSB of 400MHz on an AMD CPU is comprised of an underlying 200MHz FSB sending 2 instructions per clock cycle.

This is important because when you are overclocking, you will be dealing with the real FSB speed of the CPU, not the effective CPU speed.

The multiplier portion of the speed equation is nothing more than a number that, when multiplied by the FSB speed, will give you the total speed of the processor. For instance, if you have a CPU that has a 200MHz FSB (real FSB speed, before it is double or quad pumped) and has a multiplier of 10, then the equation becomes:

(FSB) 200MHz x (Multiplier) 10= 2000MHz CPU speed, or 2.0GHz.

On some CPUs, such as the Intel processors since 1998, the multiplier is locked and cannot be changed. On others, such as the AMD Athlon 64 processors, the multiplier is "top locked", which means that you can change the multiplier to a lower number but cannot raise it higher than it was originally. On other CPUs, the multiplier is completely unlocked, meaning you can change it to any number that you wish. This type of CPU is an overclockers dream, since you can overclock the CPU simply by raising the multiplier, but is very uncommon nowadays.

It is much easier to raise or lower the multiplier on a CPU than the FSB. This is because, unlike the FSB, the multiplier only effects the CPU speed. When you change the FSB, you are really changing the speed at which every single component of your computer communicates with your CPU. This, in effect, is overclocking all of the other components of your system. This can bring about all sorts of problems when other components that you don't intend to overclock are pushed too far and fail to work. Once you understand how overclocking works, though, you will know how to prevent these issues.

*On AMD Athlon 64 CPUs, the term FSB is really a misnomer. There is no FSB, per se. The FSB is integrated into the chip. This allows the FSB to communicate with the CPU much faster than Intel's standard FSB method. It also can cause some confusion, since the FSB on an Athlon 64 can sometimes be referred to as the HTT. If you see somebody talking about raising the HTT on an Athlon 64 CPU and is talking about speeds that you recognize as common FSB speeds, then just think of the HTT as the FSB. For the most part, they function in the same way and can be treated the same and thinking of the HTT as the FSB can eliminate some possible confusion.


How to Overclock
So now you understand how a processor gets it's speed rating. Great, but how do you raise that speed?

Well, the most common method of overclocking is through the BIOS. The BIOS can be reached by pressing a variety of keys while your system is booting up. The most common key to get into the BIOS is the Delete key, but others may be used such as F1, F2, any other F button, Enter, and some others. Before your system starts loading Windows (or whatever OS you have), it should have a screen that will tell you what button to use at the bottom.

Once you are in the BIOS, assuming that you have a BIOS that supports overclocking*, you should have access to all of the settings needed to overclock your system. The settings that you will most likely be adjusting are:

Multiplier, FSB, RAM Timings, RAM Speed, and RAM Ratio.

On a very basic level, all you are trying to do is to get the highest FSB x Multiplier formula that you can achieve. The easiest way to do this is to just raise the multiplier, but that will not work on most processors since the multiplier is locked. The next method is to simply raise the FSB. This is pretty self explanatory, and all of the RAM issues that have to be dealt with when raising the FSB will be explained below. Once you've found the speed at which the CPU won't go any faster, you have one more option.

If you really want to push your system to the limit, you can try lowering the multiplier in order to raise the FSB even higher. In order to understand this, imagine that you have a 2.0GHz processor that has a 200MHz FSB and a 10x multiplier. So 200MHz x 10=2.0GHz. Obviously, that equation works, but there are other ways to get to 2.0GHz. You could raise the multiplier to 20 and lower the FSB to 100MHz, or you could raise the FSB to 250MHz and lower the multiplier to 8. Both of those combinations would give you the same 2.0GHz that you started out with. So both of those combinations should give you the same system performance, right?

Wrong. Since the FSB is the channel through which your system communicates with your processor, you want it to be as high as possible. So if you lowered the FSB to 100MHz and raised the multiplier to 20, you would still have a clock speed of 2.0GHz, but the rest of the system would be communicating with your processor much slower than before resulting in a loss in system performance.

Ideally, you would want to lower the multiplier in order to raise the FSB as high as possible. In principle, this sounds easy, but it gets complicated when you involve the rest of the system, since the rest of the system is dependent on the FSB as well, chiefly the RAM. Which leads me to the next section on RAM.

*Most retail computer manufacturers use motherboards and BIOSes that do not support overclocking. You won't be able to access the settings you need from the BIOS. There are utilities that will allow you to overclock from your desktop, such as this one, but I don't recommend them since I have never tried them out myself.


RAM and what it has to do with Overclocking
First and foremost, I consider this site to be the Holy Grail of RAM information. Learn to love it

As I said before, the FSB is the pathway through which your system communicates with your CPU. So raising the FSB, in effect, overclocks the rest of your system as well.

The component that is most affected by raising the FSB is your RAM. When you buy RAM, it is rated at a certain speed. I'll use the table from my post to show these speeds:
Quote:
PC-2100 - DDR266
PC-2700 - DDR333
PC-3200 - DDR400
PC-3500 - DDR434
PC-3700 - DDR464
PC-4000 - DDR500
PC-4200 - DDR525
PC-4400 - DDR550
PC-4800 - DDR600

To understand what this table means, lookhere. Note how the RAM's rated speed is DDR PC-4000. Then refer to this table and see how PC-4000 is equivalent to DDR 500.

To understand this, you must first understand how RAM works. RAM, or Random Access Memory, serves as temporary storage of files that the CPU needs to access quickly. For instance, when you load a level in a game, your CPU will load the level into RAM so that it can access the information quickly whenever it needs to, instead of loading the information from the relatively slow hard drive.

The important thing to know is that RAM functions at a certain speed, which is much lower than the CPU speed. Most RAM today runs at speeds between 133MHz and 300MHz. This may confuse you, since those speeds are not listed on my chart.

This is because RAM manufacturers, much like the CPU manufacturers from before, have managed to get RAM to send information twice every RAM clock cycle.* This is the reason for the "DDR" in the RAM speed rating. It stands for Double Data Rate. So DDR 400 means that the RAM operates at an effective speed of 400MHz, with the "400" in DDR 400 standing for the clock speed. Since it is sending instructions twice per clock cycle, that means it's real operating frequency is 200MHz. This works much like AMD's "double pumping" of the FSB.

So go back to the RAM that I linked before. It is listed at a speed of DDR PC-4000. PC-4000 is equivalent to DDR 500, which means that PC-4000 RAM has an effective speed of 500MHz with an underlying 250MHz clock speed.

So what does this all have to do with overclocking?

Well, as I said before, when you raise the FSB, you effectively overclock everything else in your system. This applies to RAM too. RAM that is rated at PC-3200 (DDR 400) is rated to run at speeds up to 200MHz. For a non-overclocker, this is fine, since your FSB won't be over 200MHz anyway.

Problems can occur, though, when you want to raise your FSB to speeds over 200MHz. Since the RAM is only rated to run at speeds up to 200MHz, raising your FSB higher than 200MHz can cause your system to crash. How do you solve this? There are three solutions: using a FSB:RAM ratio, overclocking your RAM, or simply buying RAM rated at a higher speed.

Since you probably only understood the last of those three options, I'll explain them:

FSB:RAM Ratio: If you want to raise your FSB to a higher speed than your RAM supports, you have the option of running your RAM at a lower speed than your FSB. This is done using an FSB:RAM ratio. Basically, the FSB:RAM ratio allows you to select numbers that set up a ratio between your FSB and RAM speeds. So, say you are using the PC-3200 (DDR 400) RAM that I mentioned before which runs at 200MHz. But you want to raise your FSB to 250MHz to overclock your CPU. Obviously, your RAM will not appreciate the raised FSB speed and will most likely cause your system to crash. To solve this, you can set up a 5:4 FSB:RAM ratio. Basically, this ratio will mean that for every 5MHz that your FSB runs at, your RAM will only run at 4MHz.

To make it easier, convert the 5:4 ratio to a 100:80 ratio. So for every 100MHz your FSB runs at, your RAM will only run at 80MHz. Basically, this means that your RAM will only run at 80% of your FSB speed. So with your 250MHz target FSB, running in a 5:4 FSB:RAM ratio, your RAM will be running at 200MHz, which is 80% of 250MHz. This is perfect, since your RAM is rated for 200MHz.

This solution, however, isn't ideal. Running the FSB and RAM with a ratio causes gaps in between the time that the FSB can communicate with the RAM. This causes slowdowns that wouldn't be there if the RAM and the FSB were running at the same speed. If you want the most speed out of your system, using an FSB:RAM ratio wouldn't be the best solution.

Overclocking your RAM
Overclocking your RAM is really very simple. The principle behind overclocking RAM is the same as overclocking your CPU: to get the RAM to run at a higher speed than it is supposed to run at. Luckily, the similarities between the two types of overclocking end there, or else RAM overclocking would be much more complicated than it is

To overclock RAM, you just enter the BIOS and attempt to run the RAM at a higher speed than it is rated at. For instance, you could try to run PC-3200 (DDR 400) RAM at a speed of 210MHz, which would be 10MHz over the rated speed. This could work, but in some cases it will cause the system to crash. If this happens, don't panic. The problem can be solved pretty easily by raising the voltage to your RAM. The voltage to your RAM, also known as vdimm, can be adjusted in most BIOSes. Raise it using the smallest increments available and test each setting to see if it works. Once you find a setting that works, you can either keep it or try to push your RAM farther. If you give the RAM too much voltage, however, it could get fried. For info on what voltages are safe, refer back to my Holy Grail of RAM

The only other thing that you have to worry about when overclocking RAM are the latency timings. These timings are the delays between certain RAM functions. If you want more info on this, you know where to look Basically, if you want to raise the speed of your RAM, you may have to raise the timings. It's not all that complicated, though, and shouldn't be too hard to understand.

That's really all there is to it. If only overclocking the CPU were that easy

Buying RAM rated at a Higher Speed
This one's the simplest thing in this entire guide If you want to raise your FSB to, say, 250MHz, just buy RAM that is rated to run at 250MHz, which would be DDR 500. The only downside to this option is that faster RAM will cost you more than slower RAM. Since overclocking your RAM is relatively simple, you might want to consider buying slower RAM and overclocking it to fit your needs. It could save you over a hundred bucks, depending on what type of RAM you need.


That's basically all you need to know about RAM and overclocking. Now onto the rest of the guide.


Voltage and how it affects Overclocking
There will be a point when you are overclocking and you simply cannot increase the speed of your CPU anymore no matter what you do and how much cooling you have. This is most likely because your CPU is not getting enough voltage. This is very similar to the RAM voltage scenario that I addressed above. To solve this, you simply up the voltage to your CPU, also known as the vcore. Do this in the same fashion described in the RAM section. Once you have enough voltage for the CPU to be stable, you can either keep the CPU at that speed or attempt to overclock it even further. As with the RAM, be careful not to overload the CPU with voltage. Each processor has recommended voltages setup by the manufacturer. Look on the website to find these. Try not to go past the recommended voltages.

Keep in mind that upping the voltage to your CPU will cause much greater heat output. This is why it is essential to have good cooling when overclocking. Which leads me to my next topic...


Cooling
As I said before, when you up the voltage to your CPU, the heat output great increases. This makes proper cooling a necessity. Here is a good set of links related to cooling and a few other topics.

There are basically three "levels" of case cooling:

Air Cooling (Fans)

Water Cooling (look here)

Peltier/Phase Change Cooling (VERY expensive and high end cooling[/b]

I really don't have much knowledge on the Peltier/Phase Change method of cooling, so I won't address it. All you need to know is that it could cost you upwards of $1000 dollars and can keep your CPU at sub-zero temperatures. It's intended for VERY high end overclockers, and I assume that nobody here will be using it.

The other two, however, are much more affordable and realistic.

Everybody knows about air cooling. If you're on a computer now (and I don't know how you'd be seeing this if you're not ), you probably hear a constant humming coming from it. If you look in the back, you will see a fan. This fan is basically all that air cooling is: the use of fans to suck cold air in and push hot air out. There are various ways to set up your fans, but you generally want to have an equal amount of air being sucked in and pushed out. For more info, refer to the link that I gave at the beginning of this section.

Water cooling is more expensive and exotic than air cooling. It is basically the use of pumps and radiators to cool your system more effectively than air cooling. For more info on it, check out the link that I gave next to water cooling before.

Those are the two most commonly used methods of case cooling. Good case cooling, however, is not the only component necessary for a cool computer. The other main component is the CPU Heatsink/Fan, or HSF. The purpose of the HSF is to channel heat away from the CPU and into the case so that it can be pushed out from the case fans. It is necessary to have an HSF on your CPU at all times. Your CPU will be fried in a matter of seconds if it is not.

There are tons of HSF's out there. For a ton of info on HSF's and everything that goes with them, check out this page again. It basically covers all you need to know about HSF's and air cooling.

Overclocking

What is Overclocking?
Overclocking is the process of making various components of your computer run at faster speeds than they do when you first buy them. For instance, if you buy a Pentium 4 3.2GHz processor, and you want it to run faster, you could overclock the processor to make it run at 3.6GHz.

¡Disclaimer!
WARNING: Overclocking can F up your stuff. Overclocking wares down the hardware and the life-expectancy of the entire computer will be lowered if you overclock. If you attempt to overclock, I, Rogue_Jedi, and Overclockers.com and its inhabitants are not responsible for anything broken or damaged when using this guide.
This guide is merely for those who accept the possible outcomes of this overclocking guide/FAQ, and overclocking in general.

Why would you want to overclock? Well, the most obvious reason is that you can get more out of a processor than what you payed for. You can buy a relatively cheap processor and overclock it to run at the speed of a much more expensive processor. If you're willing to put in the time and effort, overclocking can save you a bunch of money in the future or, if you need to be at the bleeding edge like me, can give you a faster processor than you could possibly buy from a store

The Dangers of Overclocking
First of all, let me say that if you are careful and know what you are doing, it will be very hard for you to do any permanent damage to your computer by overclocking. Your computer will either crash or just refuse to boot if you are pushing the system too far. It's very hard to fry your system by just pushing it to it's limits.

There are dangers, however. The first and most common danger is heat. When you make a component of your computer do more work than it used to, it's going to generate more heat. If you don't have sufficient cooling, your system can and will overheat. By itself, overheating cannot kill your computer, though. The only way that you will kill your computer by overheating is if you repeatedly try to run the system at temperatures higher than recommended. As I said, you should try to stay under 60 C.

Don't get overly worried about overheating issues, though. You will see signs before your system gets fried. Random crashes are the most common sign. Overheating is also easily prevented with the use of thermal sensors which can tell you how hot your system is running. If you see a temperature that you think is too high, either run the system at a lower speed or get some better cooling. I will go over cooling later in this guide.

The other "danger" of overclocking is that it can reduce the lifespan of your components. When you run more voltage through a component, it's lifespan decreases. A small boost won't have much of an affect, but if you plan on using a large overclock, you will want to be aware of the decrease in lifespan. This is not usually an issue, however, since anybody that is overclocking likely will not be using the same components for more than 4-5 years, and it is unlikely that any of your components will fail before 4-5 years regardless of how much voltage you run through it. Most processors are designed to last for up to 10 years, so losing a few of those years is usually worth the increase in performance in the mind of an overclocker.

The Basics
To understand how to overclock your system, you must first understand how your system works. The most common component to overclock is your processor.

When you buy a processor, or CPU, you will see it's operating speed. For instance, a Pentium 4 3.2GHz CPU runs at 3.2GHz, or 3200 MHz. This is a measurement of how many clock cycles the processor goes through in one second. A clock cycle is a period of time in which a processor can carry out a given amount of instructions. So, logically, the more clock cycles a processor can execute in one second, the faster it can process information and the faster your system will run. One MHz is one million clock cycles per second, so a 3.2GHz processor can go through 3,200,000,000, or 3 billion two hundred million clock cycles in every second. Pretty amazing, right?

The goal of overclocking is to raise the GHz rating of your processor so that it can go through more clock cycles every second. The formula for the speed of your processor if this:

FSB (in MHz) x Multiplier=Speed in MHz.

Now to explain what the FSB and Multiplier are:

The FSB (or, for AMD processors, the HTT*), or Front Side Bus, is the channel through which your entire system communicates with your CPU. So, obviously, the faster your FSB can run, the faster your entire system can run.

CPU manufacturers have found ways to increase the effective speed of the FSB of a CPU. They simply send more instructions in every clock cycle. So instead of sending one instruction every one clock cycle, CPU manufacturers have found ways to send two instructions per clock cycle (AMD CPUs) or even four instructions per clock cycle (Intel CPUs). So, when you look at a CPU and see it's FSB speed, you must realize that it is not really running at that speed. Intel CPUs are "quad pumped", meaning they send 4 instructions per clock cycle. This means that if you see an FSB of 800MHz, the underlying FSB speed is really only 200MHz, but it is sending 4 instructions per clock cycle so it achieves an effective speed of 800MHz. The same logic can be applied to AMD CPUs, but they are only "double pumped", meaning they only send 2 instructions per clock cycle. So an FSB of 400MHz on an AMD CPU is comprised of an underlying 200MHz FSB sending 2 instructions per clock cycle.

This is important because when you are overclocking, you will be dealing with the real FSB speed of the CPU, not the effective CPU speed.

The multiplier portion of the speed equation is nothing more than a number that, when multiplied by the FSB speed, will give you the total speed of the processor. For instance, if you have a CPU that has a 200MHz FSB (real FSB speed, before it is double or quad pumped) and has a multiplier of 10, then the equation becomes:

(FSB) 200MHz x (Multiplier) 10= 2000MHz CPU speed, or 2.0GHz.

On some CPUs, such as the Intel processors since 1998, the multiplier is locked and cannot be changed. On others, such as the AMD Athlon 64 processors, the multiplier is "top locked", which means that you can change the multiplier to a lower number but cannot raise it higher than it was originally. On other CPUs, the multiplier is completely unlocked, meaning you can change it to any number that you wish. This type of CPU is an overclockers dream, since you can overclock the CPU simply by raising the multiplier, but is very uncommon nowadays.

It is much easier to raise or lower the multiplier on a CPU than the FSB. This is because, unlike the FSB, the multiplier only effects the CPU speed. When you change the FSB, you are really changing the speed at which every single component of your computer communicates with your CPU. This, in effect, is overclocking all of the other components of your system. This can bring about all sorts of problems when other components that you don't intend to overclock are pushed too far and fail to work. Once you understand how overclocking works, though, you will know how to prevent these issues.

*On AMD Athlon 64 CPUs, the term FSB is really a misnomer. There is no FSB, per se. The FSB is integrated into the chip. This allows the FSB to communicate with the CPU much faster than Intel's standard FSB method. It also can cause some confusion, since the FSB on an Athlon 64 can sometimes be referred to as the HTT. If you see somebody talking about raising the HTT on an Athlon 64 CPU and is talking about speeds that you recognize as common FSB speeds, then just think of the HTT as the FSB. For the most part, they function in the same way and can be treated the same and thinking of the HTT as the FSB can eliminate some possible confusion.


How to Overclock
So now you understand how a processor gets it's speed rating. Great, but how do you raise that speed?

Well, the most common method of overclocking is through the BIOS. The BIOS can be reached by pressing a variety of keys while your system is booting up. The most common key to get into the BIOS is the Delete key, but others may be used such as F1, F2, any other F button, Enter, and some others. Before your system starts loading Windows (or whatever OS you have), it should have a screen that will tell you what button to use at the bottom.

Once you are in the BIOS, assuming that you have a BIOS that supports overclocking*, you should have access to all of the settings needed to overclock your system. The settings that you will most likely be adjusting are:

Multiplier, FSB, RAM Timings, RAM Speed, and RAM Ratio.

On a very basic level, all you are trying to do is to get the highest FSB x Multiplier formula that you can achieve. The easiest way to do this is to just raise the multiplier, but that will not work on most processors since the multiplier is locked. The next method is to simply raise the FSB. This is pretty self explanatory, and all of the RAM issues that have to be dealt with when raising the FSB will be explained below. Once you've found the speed at which the CPU won't go any faster, you have one more option.

If you really want to push your system to the limit, you can try lowering the multiplier in order to raise the FSB even higher. In order to understand this, imagine that you have a 2.0GHz processor that has a 200MHz FSB and a 10x multiplier. So 200MHz x 10=2.0GHz. Obviously, that equation works, but there are other ways to get to 2.0GHz. You could raise the multiplier to 20 and lower the FSB to 100MHz, or you could raise the FSB to 250MHz and lower the multiplier to 8. Both of those combinations would give you the same 2.0GHz that you started out with. So both of those combinations should give you the same system performance, right?

Wrong. Since the FSB is the channel through which your system communicates with your processor, you want it to be as high as possible. So if you lowered the FSB to 100MHz and raised the multiplier to 20, you would still have a clock speed of 2.0GHz, but the rest of the system would be communicating with your processor much slower than before resulting in a loss in system performance.

Ideally, you would want to lower the multiplier in order to raise the FSB as high as possible. In principle, this sounds easy, but it gets complicated when you involve the rest of the system, since the rest of the system is dependent on the FSB as well, chiefly the RAM. Which leads me to the next section on RAM.

*Most retail computer manufacturers use motherboards and BIOSes that do not support overclocking. You won't be able to access the settings you need from the BIOS. There are utilities that will allow you to overclock from your desktop, such as this one, but I don't recommend them since I have never tried them out myself.


RAM and what it has to do with Overclocking
First and foremost, I consider this site to be the Holy Grail of RAM information. Learn to love it

As I said before, the FSB is the pathway through which your system communicates with your CPU. So raising the FSB, in effect, overclocks the rest of your system as well.

The component that is most affected by raising the FSB is your RAM. When you buy RAM, it is rated at a certain speed. I'll use the table from my post to show these speeds:
Quote:
PC-2100 - DDR266
PC-2700 - DDR333
PC-3200 - DDR400
PC-3500 - DDR434
PC-3700 - DDR464
PC-4000 - DDR500
PC-4200 - DDR525
PC-4400 - DDR550
PC-4800 - DDR600

To understand what this table means, lookhere. Note how the RAM's rated speed is DDR PC-4000. Then refer to this table and see how PC-4000 is equivalent to DDR 500.

To understand this, you must first understand how RAM works. RAM, or Random Access Memory, serves as temporary storage of files that the CPU needs to access quickly. For instance, when you load a level in a game, your CPU will load the level into RAM so that it can access the information quickly whenever it needs to, instead of loading the information from the relatively slow hard drive.

The important thing to know is that RAM functions at a certain speed, which is much lower than the CPU speed. Most RAM today runs at speeds between 133MHz and 300MHz. This may confuse you, since those speeds are not listed on my chart.

This is because RAM manufacturers, much like the CPU manufacturers from before, have managed to get RAM to send information twice every RAM clock cycle.* This is the reason for the "DDR" in the RAM speed rating. It stands for Double Data Rate. So DDR 400 means that the RAM operates at an effective speed of 400MHz, with the "400" in DDR 400 standing for the clock speed. Since it is sending instructions twice per clock cycle, that means it's real operating frequency is 200MHz. This works much like AMD's "double pumping" of the FSB.

So go back to the RAM that I linked before. It is listed at a speed of DDR PC-4000. PC-4000 is equivalent to DDR 500, which means that PC-4000 RAM has an effective speed of 500MHz with an underlying 250MHz clock speed.

So what does this all have to do with overclocking?

Well, as I said before, when you raise the FSB, you effectively overclock everything else in your system. This applies to RAM too. RAM that is rated at PC-3200 (DDR 400) is rated to run at speeds up to 200MHz. For a non-overclocker, this is fine, since your FSB won't be over 200MHz anyway.

Problems can occur, though, when you want to raise your FSB to speeds over 200MHz. Since the RAM is only rated to run at speeds up to 200MHz, raising your FSB higher than 200MHz can cause your system to crash. How do you solve this? There are three solutions: using a FSB:RAM ratio, overclocking your RAM, or simply buying RAM rated at a higher speed.

Since you probably only understood the last of those three options, I'll explain them:

FSB:RAM Ratio: If you want to raise your FSB to a higher speed than your RAM supports, you have the option of running your RAM at a lower speed than your FSB. This is done using an FSB:RAM ratio. Basically, the FSB:RAM ratio allows you to select numbers that set up a ratio between your FSB and RAM speeds. So, say you are using the PC-3200 (DDR 400) RAM that I mentioned before which runs at 200MHz. But you want to raise your FSB to 250MHz to overclock your CPU. Obviously, your RAM will not appreciate the raised FSB speed and will most likely cause your system to crash. To solve this, you can set up a 5:4 FSB:RAM ratio. Basically, this ratio will mean that for every 5MHz that your FSB runs at, your RAM will only run at 4MHz.

To make it easier, convert the 5:4 ratio to a 100:80 ratio. So for every 100MHz your FSB runs at, your RAM will only run at 80MHz. Basically, this means that your RAM will only run at 80% of your FSB speed. So with your 250MHz target FSB, running in a 5:4 FSB:RAM ratio, your RAM will be running at 200MHz, which is 80% of 250MHz. This is perfect, since your RAM is rated for 200MHz.

This solution, however, isn't ideal. Running the FSB and RAM with a ratio causes gaps in between the time that the FSB can communicate with the RAM. This causes slowdowns that wouldn't be there if the RAM and the FSB were running at the same speed. If you want the most speed out of your system, using an FSB:RAM ratio wouldn't be the best solution.

Overclocking your RAM
Overclocking your RAM is really very simple. The principle behind overclocking RAM is the same as overclocking your CPU: to get the RAM to run at a higher speed than it is supposed to run at. Luckily, the similarities between the two types of overclocking end there, or else RAM overclocking would be much more complicated than it is

To overclock RAM, you just enter the BIOS and attempt to run the RAM at a higher speed than it is rated at. For instance, you could try to run PC-3200 (DDR 400) RAM at a speed of 210MHz, which would be 10MHz over the rated speed. This could work, but in some cases it will cause the system to crash. If this happens, don't panic. The problem can be solved pretty easily by raising the voltage to your RAM. The voltage to your RAM, also known as vdimm, can be adjusted in most BIOSes. Raise it using the smallest increments available and test each setting to see if it works. Once you find a setting that works, you can either keep it or try to push your RAM farther. If you give the RAM too much voltage, however, it could get fried. For info on what voltages are safe, refer back to my Holy Grail of RAM

The only other thing that you have to worry about when overclocking RAM are the latency timings. These timings are the delays between certain RAM functions. If you want more info on this, you know where to look Basically, if you want to raise the speed of your RAM, you may have to raise the timings. It's not all that complicated, though, and shouldn't be too hard to understand.

That's really all there is to it. If only overclocking the CPU were that easy

Buying RAM rated at a Higher Speed
This one's the simplest thing in this entire guide If you want to raise your FSB to, say, 250MHz, just buy RAM that is rated to run at 250MHz, which would be DDR 500. The only downside to this option is that faster RAM will cost you more than slower RAM. Since overclocking your RAM is relatively simple, you might want to consider buying slower RAM and overclocking it to fit your needs. It could save you over a hundred bucks, depending on what type of RAM you need.


That's basically all you need to know about RAM and overclocking. Now onto the rest of the guide.


Voltage and how it affects Overclocking
There will be a point when you are overclocking and you simply cannot increase the speed of your CPU anymore no matter what you do and how much cooling you have. This is most likely because your CPU is not getting enough voltage. This is very similar to the RAM voltage scenario that I addressed above. To solve this, you simply up the voltage to your CPU, also known as the vcore. Do this in the same fashion described in the RAM section. Once you have enough voltage for the CPU to be stable, you can either keep the CPU at that speed or attempt to overclock it even further. As with the RAM, be careful not to overload the CPU with voltage. Each processor has recommended voltages setup by the manufacturer. Look on the website to find these. Try not to go past the recommended voltages.

Keep in mind that upping the voltage to your CPU will cause much greater heat output. This is why it is essential to have good cooling when overclocking. Which leads me to my next topic...


Cooling
As I said before, when you up the voltage to your CPU, the heat output great increases. This makes proper cooling a necessity. Here is a good set of links related to cooling and a few other topics.

There are basically three "levels" of case cooling:

Air Cooling (Fans)

Water Cooling (look here)

Peltier/Phase Change Cooling (VERY expensive and high end cooling[/b]

I really don't have much knowledge on the Peltier/Phase Change method of cooling, so I won't address it. All you need to know is that it could cost you upwards of $1000 dollars and can keep your CPU at sub-zero temperatures. It's intended for VERY high end overclockers, and I assume that nobody here will be using it.

The other two, however, are much more affordable and realistic.

Everybody knows about air cooling. If you're on a computer now (and I don't know how you'd be seeing this if you're not ), you probably hear a constant humming coming from it. If you look in the back, you will see a fan. This fan is basically all that air cooling is: the use of fans to suck cold air in and push hot air out. There are various ways to set up your fans, but you generally want to have an equal amount of air being sucked in and pushed out. For more info, refer to the link that I gave at the beginning of this section.

Water cooling is more expensive and exotic than air cooling. It is basically the use of pumps and radiators to cool your system more effectively than air cooling. For more info on it, check out the link that I gave next to water cooling before.

Those are the two most commonly used methods of case cooling. Good case cooling, however, is not the only component necessary for a cool computer. The other main component is the CPU Heatsink/Fan, or HSF. The purpose of the HSF is to channel heat away from the CPU and into the case so that it can be pushed out from the case fans. It is necessary to have an HSF on your CPU at all times. Your CPU will be fried in a matter of seconds if it is not.

There are tons of HSF's out there. For a ton of info on HSF's and everything that goes with them, check out this page again. It basically covers all you need to know about HSF's and air cooling.

Try...Super Fast Shutdown

Have you ever wished there was a faster way to shutdown your Windows 2000 , Windows XP ,Windows VISTA and windows 7 computer system?. I mean instantly shut it down! Now you can! Just install Super Fast Shutdown and click on one of the desktop icons created to reboot or shutdown instantly

Try it..!!! Click below...
Download Super fast shutdown

Try...Super Fast Shutdown

Have you ever wished there was a faster way to shutdown your Windows 2000 , Windows XP ,Windows VISTA and windows 7 computer system?. I mean instantly shut it down! Now you can! Just install Super Fast Shutdown and click on one of the desktop icons created to reboot or shutdown instantly

Try it..!!! Click below...
Download Super fast shutdown

Simple Flaher Circuit Diagram (24V)

This is a simple flasher circuit diagram.Some people can't use normal circuit diagrams due to 24V batteries of there Vehicles.Here I Have introduced 24V circuit diagram for you all.Here I have used simple circuit diagram.It is multivibrator circuit .Here I have used famous transistor 2N3055.





Note

# Build this circuit on a PCB
# This circuit can be operated with 18V-24V

New Extreme Keyboard

New Gaming Keyboard from Logitech.
This new gaming keyboard features a built-in tiltable, game panel color LCD screen with 320 x 240, which is designed to display game statistics, information systems, information on VoIP and even play back videos.The Logitech G19 keyboard features 12 programmable G-keys, with to 3 macros per key, which means you can program up to 36 macros, it also features a built in MR (macro record) key that lets you record a macro directly

System Requirements
Windows ® XP or Windows Vista ®
Mac OS ® X 10.4 and later
Hi-Speed USB 2.0 port
20 MB of available hard disk space
CD-ROM drive
GamePanel ™ LCD requires software supports Logitech ® That GamePanel ™ technology.

New Extreme Keyboard

New Gaming Keyboard from Logitech.
This new gaming keyboard features a built-in tiltable, game panel color LCD screen with 320 x 240, which is designed to display game statistics, information systems, information on VoIP and even play back videos.The Logitech G19 keyboard features 12 programmable G-keys, with to 3 macros per key, which means you can program up to 36 macros, it also features a built in MR (macro record) key that lets you record a macro directly

System Requirements
Windows ® XP or Windows Vista ®
Mac OS ® X 10.4 and later
Hi-Speed USB 2.0 port
20 MB of available hard disk space
CD-ROM drive
GamePanel ™ LCD requires software supports Logitech ® That GamePanel ™ technology.

New High Quality Printers

1.Epson Artisan 810 All-in-One

Many users are surprised that the prints from this high definition printer can surpass those from photo labs in quality and clarity. A 7.8” touch panel includes an LCD display that allows you to easily view and edit your photos onboard the printer. A unique system lights up only the buttons you need depending on the mode you are in, making the job of processing your photos an easy and intuitive one. Connecting your Artisan 810 to your network is an easy job using its wired Ethernet port or built-in Wi-Fi adapter. The Artisan 810 scans in high definition and comes with OCR software. Other features such as a document feeder and direct printing from iPhone make this printer a great choice.

2.Canon Pixma MG8120 

The Canon Pixma MG8120 offers you an amazing movie print feature that works with high definition movies taken with compatible Canon cameras to print single frames from your favorite memories. For ease of use, the Canon Intelligent Touch system uses a unique lighted button system to help you select only buttons that are relevant to your work at any particular time. Other features such as Wi-Fi connectivity, standalone editing and Canon’s proprietary Photo Fix II technology make this a very attractive printer that will get you professional quality prints that will last for years. This amazing printer has auto-duplex feature to print on both sides of your paper plus a built-in film adapter unit for digitizing slides and film negatives.

New High Quality Printers

1.Epson Artisan 810 All-in-One

Many users are surprised that the prints from this high definition printer can surpass those from photo labs in quality and clarity. A 7.8” touch panel includes an LCD display that allows you to easily view and edit your photos onboard the printer. A unique system lights up only the buttons you need depending on the mode you are in, making the job of processing your photos an easy and intuitive one. Connecting your Artisan 810 to your network is an easy job using its wired Ethernet port or built-in Wi-Fi adapter. The Artisan 810 scans in high definition and comes with OCR software. Other features such as a document feeder and direct printing from iPhone make this printer a great choice.

2.Canon Pixma MG8120 

The Canon Pixma MG8120 offers you an amazing movie print feature that works with high definition movies taken with compatible Canon cameras to print single frames from your favorite memories. For ease of use, the Canon Intelligent Touch system uses a unique lighted button system to help you select only buttons that are relevant to your work at any particular time. Other features such as Wi-Fi connectivity, standalone editing and Canon’s proprietary Photo Fix II technology make this a very attractive printer that will get you professional quality prints that will last for years. This amazing printer has auto-duplex feature to print on both sides of your paper plus a built-in film adapter unit for digitizing slides and film negatives.

Apple iOS Vs Google ANDROID

Apple iOS is an operating system based on Mac OS X. The iOS was developed specially for the iPhone, but this was later used on other apple gadgets as well. The iOS platform is currently being used only on the Apple products, Apple doesn’t permit the use of iOS on third party hardwares.
Apple iOS is a great platform and most of the users don’t take more than 10 minutes to fall in love with it. The iOS is user friendly and provides a very good interface to the user. The multi-touch gestures of iOS are known for stealing the heart of geeks.
As of September 1, 2010, the App Store of Apple contains over 250,000 applications. Those applications are developed for the iOS. The 250,000 applications have been downloaded over 6.5 billion times till September 1, 2010.


Android is an operating system which was developed by Android Inc. This operating system is based on an advanced version of Linux Kernel.
Android operating system is getting quite popular lately. The upcoming Tablet PCs and mobile phones are using Android as the platform. There are several communities of users who develop the applications for Android OS. Currently, there are more than 70,000 applications which are available for Android.
Android OS is picking up the pace and is being used in almost every other upcoming gadget. So, it is believed that Android OS will soon be having many more applications.

Conclusion ..??
I have recently conducted a survey in my college and I came to know that most of the users like the interface of iOS and they believe that iOS is much better. However, there are many more updates which will soon be available for the Android OS.
So, according to the survey about 65% of the geeks are a fan of iOS and find iOS much better than Android. The rest 35% does have faith in Google. So, when it comes to user-friendly interface, iOS is believed to be better than the Android. I have personally used both of them and I found iOS better in terms of multi-touch gestures and friendly interface.
I would love to know about your personal views, which OS do you use and which one of them do you think is better? Use the comment box and share your thoughts with us

Apple iOS Vs Google ANDROID

Apple iOS is an operating system based on Mac OS X. The iOS was developed specially for the iPhone, but this was later used on other apple gadgets as well. The iOS platform is currently being used only on the Apple products, Apple doesn’t permit the use of iOS on third party hardwares.
Apple iOS is a great platform and most of the users don’t take more than 10 minutes to fall in love with it. The iOS is user friendly and provides a very good interface to the user. The multi-touch gestures of iOS are known for stealing the heart of geeks.
As of September 1, 2010, the App Store of Apple contains over 250,000 applications. Those applications are developed for the iOS. The 250,000 applications have been downloaded over 6.5 billion times till September 1, 2010.


Android is an operating system which was developed by Android Inc. This operating system is based on an advanced version of Linux Kernel.
Android operating system is getting quite popular lately. The upcoming Tablet PCs and mobile phones are using Android as the platform. There are several communities of users who develop the applications for Android OS. Currently, there are more than 70,000 applications which are available for Android.
Android OS is picking up the pace and is being used in almost every other upcoming gadget. So, it is believed that Android OS will soon be having many more applications.

Conclusion ..??
I have recently conducted a survey in my college and I came to know that most of the users like the interface of iOS and they believe that iOS is much better. However, there are many more updates which will soon be available for the Android OS.
So, according to the survey about 65% of the geeks are a fan of iOS and find iOS much better than Android. The rest 35% does have faith in Google. So, when it comes to user-friendly interface, iOS is believed to be better than the Android. I have personally used both of them and I found iOS better in terms of multi-touch gestures and friendly interface.
I would love to know about your personal views, which OS do you use and which one of them do you think is better? Use the comment box and share your thoughts with us

Google Launches Google’s ebookstore

Google Editions was expected to release anytime this month. Today, Google’s ebook store goes live with more than 3 million ebooks. Google’s web reader is compatible with the latest version of most of the browsers.
Google account holders can buy ebooks from their mobiles as well and they can access them via mobile itself. Application of the ebook store is available free of cost to the Android and iOS users. So, people can now access their ebooks anywhere with their mobile phones.
Google Editions – http://books.google.com/ebooks

Google Launches Google’s ebookstore

Google Editions was expected to release anytime this month. Today, Google’s ebook store goes live with more than 3 million ebooks. Google’s web reader is compatible with the latest version of most of the browsers.
Google account holders can buy ebooks from their mobiles as well and they can access them via mobile itself. Application of the ebook store is available free of cost to the Android and iOS users. So, people can now access their ebooks anywhere with their mobile phones.
Google Editions – http://books.google.com/ebooks

Blinking LED Circuit Diagram

This is a blinking LED circuit diagram.Here I have used common IC NE555.If you want to change the speed of this circuit you can change the value of R2.Then you can do that.





Note

* Use a PCB to build this circuit
* You can operate this circuit with 9V

How Restore Missing Folder without Tools

There is a simple story like this:
"My computer is infected with the virus, after I scan using antivirus, virus was successfully omitted or cleaned, but when after I restart there are several folders on my computer is missing".
"Flash exposed to the virus, after the scan using your antivirus, flash is free from viruses but why when I try opening flasdisk on another computer many folders are missing, has been trying to find the Properties Tools, Folder Options, View, Show Hidden Files and Folders, can seen but to throw the checklist on the attributes would still not be activated? ".
Of the two issues can be concluded that the computers where we work have a virus that berekstensikan. Scr.
how the virus is very simple to change any existing folder on your computer or pendrive to file an application with a doubled capacity to 32 Kb (written when we open). and when tried in the clear use of one of the antivirus vendors, the virus can be removed but the effect was caused by scanning the folders that this virus is lost.
Actually the folder does not disappear but just hidden. And the missing folder can we return with menggukan attrib command at a command prompt.
How very simple but before peeling how to restore the missing folder will we peeled a bit about this attribute.
To view the Properties attribute can be done in two ways:
1. Through the Windows Prompt
2. Through Command Prompt
Command attribute works on DOS command prompt, has several functions one
them is to set the attribute of a file if the file will be given the attribute:
-Read-only file attribute
-Archive file attribute
File-System Attibut
-Hidden File Attribute
To restore the missing folders using the second way is
through the command prompt.
The stages are as follows:
1. Click Start
2. Then select the Run
3. Then type the word cmd
4. Next will come the command prompt
5. Well this is the most important part of our discussion this time, at the command
This prompt we type attrib /? To find out a few commands on
attribute properties through the command prompt.
6. later on it will appear sederatan pompt sentence that describes
about attributes such as:
- Sign (+) for an attribute sets
- Sign (-) for an attribute Clears
- Letter R for read-only file attributes
- The letter A for the Archive file attribute
- The letter S for System file attribute
- The letter H for the Hidden file attribute
- / S for the process of equating the files in previous folders and all subfolders on the computer
- / D for the process to be conducted on the folder itself
7. Back to the Folder missing then we type the command at a command prompt is: (type this command on Drive C:> or D:> or where there is a missing folder.)
attrib-s-h *.* / S / D
8. Next refresh your computer or all the drives in our computers, the result is BAM!, The missing folder reappeared.
So now we do not have to worry anymore with folders lost due to virus attack. Scr. In fact, we can open a folder other people in the hidden .. (Hehe.. But I do not recommend you know ...) good luck.

How Restore Missing Folder without Tools

There is a simple story like this:
"My computer is infected with the virus, after I scan using antivirus, virus was successfully omitted or cleaned, but when after I restart there are several folders on my computer is missing".
"Flash exposed to the virus, after the scan using your antivirus, flash is free from viruses but why when I try opening flasdisk on another computer many folders are missing, has been trying to find the Properties Tools, Folder Options, View, Show Hidden Files and Folders, can seen but to throw the checklist on the attributes would still not be activated? ".
Of the two issues can be concluded that the computers where we work have a virus that berekstensikan. Scr.
how the virus is very simple to change any existing folder on your computer or pendrive to file an application with a doubled capacity to 32 Kb (written when we open). and when tried in the clear use of one of the antivirus vendors, the virus can be removed but the effect was caused by scanning the folders that this virus is lost.
Actually the folder does not disappear but just hidden. And the missing folder can we return with menggukan attrib command at a command prompt.
How very simple but before peeling how to restore the missing folder will we peeled a bit about this attribute.
To view the Properties attribute can be done in two ways:
1. Through the Windows Prompt
2. Through Command Prompt
Command attribute works on DOS command prompt, has several functions one
them is to set the attribute of a file if the file will be given the attribute:
-Read-only file attribute
-Archive file attribute
File-System Attibut
-Hidden File Attribute
To restore the missing folders using the second way is
through the command prompt.
The stages are as follows:
1. Click Start
2. Then select the Run
3. Then type the word cmd
4. Next will come the command prompt
5. Well this is the most important part of our discussion this time, at the command
This prompt we type attrib /? To find out a few commands on
attribute properties through the command prompt.
6. later on it will appear sederatan pompt sentence that describes
about attributes such as:
- Sign (+) for an attribute sets
- Sign (-) for an attribute Clears
- Letter R for read-only file attributes
- The letter A for the Archive file attribute
- The letter S for System file attribute
- The letter H for the Hidden file attribute
- / S for the process of equating the files in previous folders and all subfolders on the computer
- / D for the process to be conducted on the folder itself
7. Back to the Folder missing then we type the command at a command prompt is: (type this command on Drive C:> or D:> or where there is a missing folder.)
attrib-s-h *.* / S / D
8. Next refresh your computer or all the drives in our computers, the result is BAM!, The missing folder reappeared.
So now we do not have to worry anymore with folders lost due to virus attack. Scr. In fact, we can open a folder other people in the hidden .. (Hehe.. But I do not recommend you know ...) good luck.

Did You Know..???? Most sophisticated computer Today...???

Technology world again - again make us amazed with one of the discovery of super-sophisticated computers, you just have the image below!


If you think the above is a set of PEN WITH CAMERA, you are absolutely wrong.
The device above is the set of the new Advanced Super Computer - recently discovered by the Japanese.

Take a look at how these devices work:
How in your opinion? Cool is not it?

So be ready with portable computer or laptop will be obsolete

Did You Know..???? Most sophisticated computer Today...???

Technology world again - again make us amazed with one of the discovery of super-sophisticated computers, you just have the image below!


If you think the above is a set of PEN WITH CAMERA, you are absolutely wrong.
The device above is the set of the new Advanced Super Computer - recently discovered by the Japanese.

Take a look at how these devices work:
How in your opinion? Cool is not it?

So be ready with portable computer or laptop will be obsolete

TIPS for Computer fast and stable

Have not you feel your computer slow? or frequent restart for no apparent reason? This is very annoying, when we work and race against the clock, er even crash your computer ... or even a virus attack and clear-cutting job file .. wah can-can not get a promotion nie. Nakut opening-nakutin yes, computers do need care in order to work optimally. Here are some tips for your computer to work mild optimal and stable. These tips come from my experience and many references in the wilds of the internet. Happy reading! Cleanliness is not just our bodies that must be on guard but must also be kept kebersihanya Computer, the computer restarts itself often because of dust accumulate inside the casing of the CPU. My friend has experienced, at that computer 2 months is not in use, when to use these computers were slow and often restart. After opening its CPU casing was dust in the CPU meets peripherals. After cleaning, the computer is stable and does not restart again. At least every 2 months, open the CPU casing and clean the dust on the fan, motherboard and other peripherals. Remove the RAM and clean the connectors use a dry cloth and wipe all their slots. If you can, remove and replace the processor heatsink thermal pastenya. Dust can cause electrical and data flow is not smooth and when soiling fan / heatsink may interfere with the release of heat, consequently the temperature increased. In fact, thanks to dust, my friend's hard drive is not detected, then the plug was cleaned. To clean the motherboard can use a fine brush and added to the body motherboards for dust disappears. Clean room and equipment around the computer. If the computer is free from dust, then the electric current flow, heat release was smooth and the results form the more stable computer.

TIPS for Computer fast and stable

Have not you feel your computer slow? or frequent restart for no apparent reason? This is very annoying, when we work and race against the clock, er even crash your computer ... or even a virus attack and clear-cutting job file .. wah can-can not get a promotion nie. Nakut opening-nakutin yes, computers do need care in order to work optimally. Here are some tips for your computer to work mild optimal and stable. These tips come from my experience and many references in the wilds of the internet. Happy reading! Cleanliness is not just our bodies that must be on guard but must also be kept kebersihanya Computer, the computer restarts itself often because of dust accumulate inside the casing of the CPU. My friend has experienced, at that computer 2 months is not in use, when to use these computers were slow and often restart. After opening its CPU casing was dust in the CPU meets peripherals. After cleaning, the computer is stable and does not restart again. At least every 2 months, open the CPU casing and clean the dust on the fan, motherboard and other peripherals. Remove the RAM and clean the connectors use a dry cloth and wipe all their slots. If you can, remove and replace the processor heatsink thermal pastenya. Dust can cause electrical and data flow is not smooth and when soiling fan / heatsink may interfere with the release of heat, consequently the temperature increased. In fact, thanks to dust, my friend's hard drive is not detected, then the plug was cleaned. To clean the motherboard can use a fine brush and added to the body motherboards for dust disappears. Clean room and equipment around the computer. If the computer is free from dust, then the electric current flow, heat release was smooth and the results form the more stable computer.

WHAT Is Blu-ray Disc...??

Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is an optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format. The format defines as its standard physical media a 12 cm (same as DVDs and CDs), 25 GB per-layer optical disc, with dual layer discs (50 GB) the norm for feature-length video discs and additional layers possible later.

The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows for six times more storage than on a DVD. The term Blu was used instead of the correct Blue which is commonly used in English (and therefore not registrable as a trademark).
Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. As of June 2009, more than 1,500 Blu-ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom, with 2,500 in the United States and Canada. In Japan as of July 2010 more than 3,300 titles were released.
During the high definition optical disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the main company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008,[4] releasing their own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009.
Blu-ray Disc recordable
Main article: Blu-ray Disc recordable
"Blu-ray Disc recordable" refers to two optical disc formats that can be recorded with an optical disc recorder. BD-Rs can be written to once, whereas BD-REs can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. The current practical maximum speed for Blu-ray Discs is about 12×. Higher speeds of rotation (10,000+ rpm) cause too much wobble for the discs to be read properly, as with the 20× and 52× maximum speeds, respectively, of standard DVDs and CDs.
Since September 2007, BD-RE is also available in the smaller 8 cm Mini Blu-ray Disc size.
On September 18, 2007, Pioneer and Mitsubishi codeveloped BD-R LTH ("Low to High" in groove recording), which features an organic dye recording layer that can be manufactured by modifying existing CD-R and DVD-R production equipment, significantly reducing manufacturing costs.[64] In February 2008, Taiyo Yuden, Mitsubishi, and Maxell released the first BD-R LTH Discs, and in March 2008, Sony's PlayStation 3 gained official support for BD-R LTH Discs with the 2.20 firmware update.[66] In May 2009 Verbatim/Mitsubishi announced the industry's first 6X BD-R LTH media, which allows recording a 25 GB disc in about 16 minutes.
Unlike the previous releases of 120 mm optical discs (i.e., CDs and standard DVDs), Blu-ray recorders hit the market almost simultaneously with Blu-ray's debut.



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WHAT Is Blu-ray Disc...??

Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is an optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format. The format defines as its standard physical media a 12 cm (same as DVDs and CDs), 25 GB per-layer optical disc, with dual layer discs (50 GB) the norm for feature-length video discs and additional layers possible later.

The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows for six times more storage than on a DVD. The term Blu was used instead of the correct Blue which is commonly used in English (and therefore not registrable as a trademark).
Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. As of June 2009, more than 1,500 Blu-ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom, with 2,500 in the United States and Canada. In Japan as of July 2010 more than 3,300 titles were released.
During the high definition optical disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the main company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008,[4] releasing their own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009.
Blu-ray Disc recordable
Main article: Blu-ray Disc recordable
"Blu-ray Disc recordable" refers to two optical disc formats that can be recorded with an optical disc recorder. BD-Rs can be written to once, whereas BD-REs can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. The current practical maximum speed for Blu-ray Discs is about 12×. Higher speeds of rotation (10,000+ rpm) cause too much wobble for the discs to be read properly, as with the 20× and 52× maximum speeds, respectively, of standard DVDs and CDs.
Since September 2007, BD-RE is also available in the smaller 8 cm Mini Blu-ray Disc size.
On September 18, 2007, Pioneer and Mitsubishi codeveloped BD-R LTH ("Low to High" in groove recording), which features an organic dye recording layer that can be manufactured by modifying existing CD-R and DVD-R production equipment, significantly reducing manufacturing costs.[64] In February 2008, Taiyo Yuden, Mitsubishi, and Maxell released the first BD-R LTH Discs, and in March 2008, Sony's PlayStation 3 gained official support for BD-R LTH Discs with the 2.20 firmware update.[66] In May 2009 Verbatim/Mitsubishi announced the industry's first 6X BD-R LTH media, which allows recording a 25 GB disc in about 16 minutes.
Unlike the previous releases of 120 mm optical discs (i.e., CDs and standard DVDs), Blu-ray recorders hit the market almost simultaneously with Blu-ray's debut.



Source